• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie? Blue Staining.

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to mediate Balb/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell adhesion. Ball, D.K.     et al. (2003) Reproduction     125:271. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is1.5-7.5 μg/mL. Also measured by its ability to induce C2C12 mouse myoblast cells proliferation.

• Source

  Mouse myeloma cell line, NS0-derived Gln27-Ala349

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  No results obtained. Gln27 inferred from enzymatic pyroglutamate treatment revealing Asn28

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  35 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  35-45 kDa, reducing conditions

Data Images

Background: CTGF/CCN2

Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF), also known as CCN2, is a 36-38 kDa member of the CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) family of secreted matricellular proteins (1). Like other CCN proteins, mature human CTGF consists of IGF-binding protein domain, a vWF-C domain, a TSP-1 domain, and a cysteine knot heparin-binding domain (2). Human CTGF shares 94% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat CTGF. Alternative splicing generates an additional isoform with a 27 aa deletion within the TSP-1 domain. CTGF promotes cell adhesion through interactions with a range of cell surface molecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), LRPAP, and Integrins  alpha M, alpha V beta 3, alpha 6 beta 1, alpha IIb beta 3 (3-7). It also binds to and regulates signaling through the Wnt receptors LRP6 and Frizzled-8 and the NGF receptors TrkA and NGF R (8, 9). In addition, CTGF binds directly to BMP-4, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and VEGF 165 (10, 11). It blocks BMP-4 and VEGF induced responses but enhances TGF-beta induced responses (10-13). Within VEGF complexes, CTGF can be degraded by a variety of proteases, resulting in restoration of angiogenic activity (11). CTGF promotes fibroblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells and their production of type I Collagen and Tenascin C (5, 14). It promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis (15-17). CTGF is expressed in vascular mural and endothelial cells (EC) during development and promotes pericyte-EC association and angiogenesis (2, 17, 18, 19). It is expressed in the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb and plays an important role in nervous system development (8, 12).

• References:

1. Hall-Glenn, F. and K.M. Lyons (2011) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68:3209.

2. Bradham, D.M. et al. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 114:1285.

3. Gao, R. and D.R. Brigstock (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279:8848.

4. Schober, J.M. et al. (2002) Blood 99:4457.

5. Heng, E.C.K. et al. (2006) J. Cell Biochem. 98:409.

6. Jedsadayanmata, A. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:24321.

7. Gao, R. et al. (2003) Hepatol. Res. 27:214.

8. Mercurio, S. et al. (2004) Development 131:2137.

9. Wahab, N.A. et al. (2005) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16:340.

10. Abreu, J.G. et al. (2002) Nat. Cell Biol. 4:599.

11. Hashimoto, G. et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277:36288.

12. Khodosevich, K. et al. (2013) Neuron 79:1136.

13. Shi-Wen, X. et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281:10715.

14. Lee, C.H. et al. (2010) J. Clin. Invest. 120:3340.

15. Canalis, E. et al. (2010) Endocrinology 151:3490.

16. Nakanishi, T. et al. (2000) Endocrinology 141:264.

17. Ivkovic, S. et al. (2003) Development 130:2779.

18. Hall-Glenn, F. et al. (2012) PLoS One 7:e30562.

19. Shimo, T. et al. (1999) J. Biochem. 126:137.

• Long Name:

  Connective Tissue Growth Factor

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  1490 (Human); 14219 (Mouse); 64032 (Rat)

• Alternate Names:

  CCN2; CCN2IGFBP-8; connective tissue growth factor; CTGF; CTGRP; Fisp12; HCS24; Hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific protein 24; IBP-8; IGF-binding protein 8; IGFBP-8; IGFBP8CCN family member 2; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 8; MGC102839; NOV2