• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie? Blue Staining.

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured in a cell proliferation assay using HMVEC human microvascular endothelial cells. Marconcini, L.     et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA     96:9671. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 1.5-9 ng/mL.    
   

• Source

  Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-derived Ala112-Arg227

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Ala112

• Structure / Form

  Disulfide-linked homodimer

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  13 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  13-20 kDa, reducing conditions

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Data Images

Background: VEGF-C

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D constitute a subfamily of the angiogenic VEGF angiogenic factors (1). VEGF-C is synthesized as a 58 kDa molecule that consists of a VEGF homolgy domain (VHD) flanked by N- and C-terminal propeptides. The proprotein undergoes covalent homodimerization and stepwise proteolytic processing to generate ligands with increasing affinity for VEGF R3/Flt-4 (2-4). Fully processed VEGF-C containing just the 21 kDa VHD can additionally bind and activate VEGF R2/KDR/Flk-1 (2, 4). Fully processed human VEGF-C shares 98% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat VEGF-C. VEGF-C interactions with VEGF R3 are critical for lymphangiogenesis (5-8). VEGF-C and VEGF R3 are usually co-expressed at sites with lymphatic vessel sprouting, in the embryo, and in various pathological conditions. Over-expression of VEGF-C in tumor cells induces tumoral lymphatic hyperplasia, resulting in enhanced lymph flow and metastasis to regional lymph nodes (9-12). It also induces physiological and intratumoral neoangiogenesis and vessel sprouting through interactions with VEGF R2 (8, 13, 14).

• References:

1. Chen, J.-C. et al. (2013) Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14:88.

2. Joukov, V. et al. (1996) EMBO J. 15:290.

3. Kukk, E. et al. (1996) Development 122:3829.

4. Joukov, V. et al. (1997) EMBO J. 16:3898.

5. Karkkainen, M. et al. (2004) Nat. Immunol. 5:74.

6. Jeltsch, M. et al. (1997) Science 276:1423.

7. Makinen, T. et al. (2001) Nat. Med. 7:199.

8. Laakkonen, P. et al. (2007) Cancer Res. 67:593.

9. Hoshida, T. et al. (2006) Cancer Res. 66:8065.

10. Mandriota, S.J. et al. (2001) EMBO J. 20:672.

11. Skobe, M. et al. (2001) Nat. Med. 7:192.

12. Padera, T.P. et al. (2002) Science 296:1883.

13. Tammela, T. et al. (2008) Nature 454:656.

14. Cao, Y. et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:14389.

• Long Name:

  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  7424 (Human); 22341 (Mouse)

• Alternate Names:

  Flt4 ligand; Flt4-L; vascular endothelial growth factor C; Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein; VEGFC; VEGF-C; VRPFLT4 ligand DHM